Saturday, January 27, 2007

The History of Political Philosophy

Political philosophy is generally understood to have 4 historical "ages" or epochs: Classical, Medieval, Enlightenment or Modern, and Contemporary. I have added for the sake of clarity two more (by breaking the Enlightenment Age into two: Early Enlightenment and Late Industrial and adding one more, the contemporary age). For the sake of inclusiveness I have added Continental political philosophy (to represent Marxist and poststructuralist thought) and non-Western political philosophy. Below I have collaborated the known ages of political philosophy [using Strauss & Cropsey (1987) The History of Political Philosophy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press] with current day scholarship [using Zuckert & Zuckert (2006) The Truth About Leo Strauss. Chicago: University of Chicago Press]. I hope to demonstrate the ever-growing breadth of Strauss's legacy in the universal understanding of political philosophy. The history of political philosophy begins thus chronologically:

Classical Political Philosophy

THUCYDIDES (c. 460 - c. 400 B.C.)

THE WAR OF THE PELOPONNESIANS AND THE ATHENIANS

PLATO (427 - 347 B.C.)

THE REPUBLIC

THE STATESMAN

THE LAWS

XENOPHON (c. 430 - c. 354 B.C.)

CYROPAEDIA

MEMORABILIA

ANABASIS

ARISTOTLE (384 - 322 B.C.)

POLITICS

NICOMACHEAN ETHICS

MARCUS TULLIUS CICERO (106 - 43 B.C.)

REPUBLIC

LAWS, OFFICES

TUSCULAN DISPUTATIONS

ST. AUGUSTINE (354 - 430)

THE CITY OF GOD

Platonic scholars: Leo Strauss, Seth Benardete, Stanley Rosen, Allan Bloom, Joseph Cropsey, Christopher Bruell, Michael Davis, Ronna Burger, and Mary Nichols.



Medieval & Renaissance Political Philosophy

ALFARABI (circa 870-950)

THE POLITICAL REGIME

THE ENUMERATION OF THE SCIENCES

PLATO'S LAWS

THE ATTAINMENT OF HAPPINESS

THE PHILOSOPHY OF PLATO

MOSES MAIMONIDES (1135-1204)

GUIDE OF THE PERPLEXED

TREATISE ON THE ART OF LOGIC

LETTER ON ASTROLOGY

ST. THOMAS AQUINAS (1225-1274)

SUMMA THEOLOGICA

SUMMA CONTRA GENTILES

ON KINGSHIP TO THE KING OF CYPRUS

COMMENTARY ON THE NICOMACHEAN ETHICS

COMMENTARY ON THE POLITICS OF ARISTOTLE

MARSILIUS OF PADUA (circa 1275 - 1342)

THE DEFENDER OF THE PEACE

NICCOLÒ MACHIAVELLI (1469 - 1527)

THE PRINCE

DISCOURSES ON THE FIRST TEN BOOKS OF TITUS LIVIUS

MARTIN LUTHER (1483 - 1546)

COMMENTARY ON PSALM 101

THE OPEN LETTER TO THE CHRISTIAN NOBILITY OF THE GERMAN NATION

SECULAR AUTHORITY

WHETHER SOLDIERS, TOO, CAN BE SAVED

JOHN CALVIN (1509-1564)

INSTITUTES OF THE CHRISTIAN RELIGION

COMMENTARY ON ROMANS

COMMENTARY ON THE HARMONY OF THE GOSPELS

RICHARD HOOKER (1553-1600)

THE LAWS OF ECCLESIASTICAL POLITY

Medieval scholars: Muhsin Mahdi, Ernest Fortin, Ralph Lerner, Joel Kraemer, Charles Butterworth, Miriam Galston, Remi Brague, Hillel Fradkin, Joshua Parens, and Christopher Colmo.

Renaissance scholars: Harvey Mansfield, Clifford Orwin, and Vickie Sullivan.

Early Modern (or Enlightenment) Political Philosophy

FRANCIS BACON (1561-1626)

NEW ATLANTIS

WISDOM OF THE ANCIENTS

HISTORY OF THE REIGN OF HENRY VII

ADVERTISEMENT TOUCHING AN HOLY WAR

OF THE TRUE GREATNESS OF BRITAIN

ADVANCEMENT OF LEARNING

HUGO GROTIUS (1583 - 1645)

THE LAW OF WAR AND PEACE

THOMAS HOBBES (1588 - 1679)

LEVIATHAN

RENE DESCARTES (1596 - 1650)

DISCOURSE ON METHOD

MEDITATIONS

JOHN MILTON (1608-1674)

THE READY AND EASY WAY TO ESTABLISH A FREE COMMONWEALTH

A SECOND DEFENSE OF THE PEOPLE OF ENGLAND

AREOPAGITICA

OF REFORMATION IN ENGLAND

OF EDUCATION

THE TENURE OF KINGS AND MAGISTRATES

A TREATISE OF CIVIL POWER IN ECCLESIASTICAL CAUSES

BENEDICT SPINOZA (1632 - 1677)

THEOLOGICAL-POLITICAL TREATISE

ETHICS

EPISTLE 50

JOHN LOCKE (1632 - 1704)

FIRST TREATISE

SECOND TREATISE

SOME CONSIDERATIONS OF THE CONSEQUENCES OF THE LOWERING OF INTEREST AND RAISING THE VALUE OF MONEY

A LETTER CONCERNING TOLERATION

MONTESQUIEU (1689 - 1755)

THE SPIRIT OF THE LAWS

THE PERSIAN LETTERS

CONSIDERATIONS OF GREATNESS AND DECLINE OF THE ROMANS

DAVID HUME (1711-1776)

ENQUIRY CONCERNING HUMAN UNDERSTANDING

TREATISE OF HUMAN NATURE

ESSAYS

ENQUIRY CONCERNING THE PRINCIPLES OF MORALS

JEAN-JACQUES ROUSSEAU (1712 - 1778)

DISCOURSE ON THE SCIENCES AND ARTS

DISCOURSE ON THE ORIGIN AND FOUNDATIONS OF INEQUALITY AMONG MEN

SOCIAL CONTRACT

DISCOURSE ON POLITICAL ECONOMY

THE GOVERNMENT OF POLAND

LETTER TO M. D'ALEMBERT ON THE THEATRE

IMMANUEL KANT (1724 - 1804)

CRITIQUE OF PURE REASON

CRITIQUE OF PRACTICAL REASON

CRITIQUE OF JUDGMENT

WILLIAM BLACKSTONE (1723 - 1780)

COMMENTARIES ON THE LAWS OF ENGLAND

ADAM SMITH (1723 - 1790)

AN INQUIRY INTO THE NATURE AND CAUSES OF THE WEALTH OF NATIONS

THE FEDERALIST (1787 - 1788)

THOMAS PAINE (1737 - 1809)

THE RIGHTS OF MAN

COMMON SENSE

AGRARIAN JUSTICE

DISSERTATION ON FIRST PRINCIPLES OF GOVERNMENT

EDMUND BURKE (1729 - 1797)

REFLECTIONS ON THE REVOLUTION IN FRANCE

AN APPEAL FROM THE NEW TO THE OLD WHIGS

TRACTS ON THE PROPERTY LAWS IN IRELAND

THOUGHTS ON THE CAUSE OF THE PRESENT DISCONTENTS

SPEECH TO THE ELECTORS OF BRISTOL

SPEECH ON CONCILIATION WITH AMERICA

LETTER TO THE SHERIFFS OF BRISTOL

SPEECH ON ECONOMICAL REFORM

SPEECH ON THE REFORM OF THE REPRESENTATION OF THE COMMONS IN PARLIAMENT

LETTER TO SIR HERCULES LANGRISHE

LETTER TO A NOBLE LORD

FOUR LETTERS ON A REGICIDE PEACE

Early Modern scholars: Victor Gourevitch, Richard Kennington, Hilail Gildin, Hiram Caton, Roger Masters, Thomas Pangle, Pierre Manent, David Schaefer, Nathan Tarcov, Robert Faulkner, Robert Kraynak, Jerry Weinberger, Arthur Melzer, and Christopher Kelly.

Late Modern (or Industrial Age) Political Philosophy

JEREMY BENTHAM (1748-1832)

AN INTRODUCTION TO THE PRINCIPLES OF MORALS AND LEGISLATION

A FRAGMENT ON GOVERNMENT

DEONTOLOGY TOGETHER WITH A TABLE OF THE SPRINGS OF ACTION AND THE ARTICLE ON UTILITARIANISM

JAMES MILL (1773-1836)

UTILITARIAN LOGIC AND POLITICS

GEORG W. F. HEGEL (1770-1831)

PHILOSOPHY OF RIGHT

PHILOSOPHY OF HISTORY

PHENOMENOLOGY OF MIND

ALEXIS DE TOCQUEVILLE (1805-1859)

DEMOCRACY IN AMERICA

THE OLD RÉGIME AND THE FRENCH REVOLUTION

THE EUROPEAN REVOLUTION AND CORRESPONDENCE WITH GOBINEAU

THE RECOLLECTIONS OF ALEXIS DE TOCQUEVILLE

JOHN STUART MILL (1806-1873)

ON LIBERTY

REPRESENTATIVE GOVERNMENT

UTILITARIANISM

REPRESENTATIVE GOVERNMENT

A SYSTEM OF LOGIC

PRINCIPLES OF POLITICAL ECONOMY

KARL MARX (1818-1883)

THE COMMUNIST MANIFESTO

THE GERMAN IDEOLOGY

THESES ON FEUERBACH

CAPITAL

FRIEDRICH ENGELS (1820-1895)

LUDWIG FEUERBACH AND THE OUTCOME OF GERMAN CLASSICAL PHILOSOPHY

HERR EUGEN DÜHRING'S REVOLUTION IN SCIENCE

FRIEDRICH NIETZSCHE (1844-1900)

THE USE AND ABUSE OF HISTORY

BEYOND GOOD AND EVIL

JOHN DEWEY (1859-1952)

THE PUBLIC AND ITS PROBLEMS

RECONSTRUCTION IN PHILOSOPHY

HUMAN NATURE AND CONDUCT

EXPERIENCE AND EDUCATION

LIBERALISM AND SOCIAL ACTION

DEMOCRACY AND EDUCATION

Late Modern scholars: William Galston, Michael Gillespie, Susan Shell, Richard Velkley, Steven Smith, Laurence Lampert, Gregory Smith, and Peter Berkowitz.

The Contemporary Age

EDMUND HUSSERL (1859-1938)

PHENOMENOLOGY AND THE CRISIS OF PHILOSOPHY

THE CRISIS OF EUROPEAN SCIENCES AND TRANSCENDENTAL PHENOMENOLOGY

MARTIN HEIDEGGER (1889-1976)

AN INTRODUCTION TO METAPHYSICS

BEING AND TIME

NIETZSCHE (4 VOLS.)

"A LETTER ON HUMANISM"

THE QUESTION OF TECHNOLOGY AND OTHER ESSAYS

HANNAH ARENDT (1906-1975)

THE ORIGINS OF TOTALITARIANISM

EICHMANN IN JERUSALEM

CRISES OF THE REPUBLIC: LYING IN POLITICS; CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE; ON VIOLENCE; THOUGHTS ON POLITICS AND REVOLUTION

KARL POPPER (1902-1994)

THE OPEN SOCIETY AND ITS ENEMIES

THE POVERTY OF HISTORICISM

FRIEDRICH HAYEK (1899-1992)

THE ROAD TO SERFDOM

THE CONSTITUTION OF LIBERTY

THE FATAL CONCEIT

LEO STRAUSS (1899-1973)

SPINOZA'S CRITIQUE OF RELIGION

PHILOSOPHY AND LAW

THE POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY OF HOBBES: ITS BASIS AND GENESIS

ON TYRANNY

PERSECUTION AND THE ART OF WRITING

NATURAL RIGHT AND HISTORY

THOUGHTS ON MACHIAVELLI

WHAT IS POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY?

HISTORY OF POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY

THE CITY AND MAN

SOCRATES AND ARISTOPHANES

LIBERALISM ANCIENT AND MODERN

XENOPHON'S SOCRATIC DISCOURSE: AN INTERPRETATION OF THE "OECONOMICUS"

XENOPHON'S SOCRATES

THE ARGUMENT AND THE ACTION OF PLATO'S LAWS

STUDIES IN PLATONIC POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY

THE REBIRTH OF POLITICAL CLASSICAL RATIONALISM

ON PLATO'S SYMPOSIUM

ISAIAH BERLIN (1909-1997)

FOUR ESSAYS ON LIBERTY

FREEDOM AND ITS BETRAYAL: SIX ENEMIES OF HUMAN LIBERTY

THE SOVIET MIND: RUSSIAN CULTURE UNDER COMMUNISM

POLITICAL IDEAS IN THE ROMANTIC AGE: THEIR RISE AND INFLUENCE ON MODERN THOUGHT

ALEXANDRE KOJÈVE (1902-1968)

INTRODUCTION TO THE READING OF HEGEL

OUTLINE OF A PHENOMENOLOGY OF RIGHT

ERIC VOEGELIN (1901-1985)

COLLECTED WORKS

JUDITH SHKLAR (1928-1992)

AFTER UTOPIA: THE DECLINE OF POLITICAL FAITH

LEGALISM: LAW, MORALS, AND POLITICAL TRIALS

MEN AND CITIZENS: A STUDY OF ROUSSEAU'S SOCIAL THEORY

FREEDOM AND INDEPENDENCE: A STUDY OF THE POLITICAL IDEAS OF HEGEL'S PHENOMENOLOGY OF MIND

THE FACES OF INJUSTICE

AMERICAN CITIZENSHIP: A QUEST FOR INCLUSION

JOHN RAWLS (1921-2002)

A THEORY OF JUSTICE

POLITICAL LIBERALISM: THE JOHN DEWEY ESSAYS IN PHILOSOPHY

THE LAW OF PEOPLES

THE COLLECTED PAPERS

LECTURES ON THE HISTORY OF MORAL PHILOSOPHY

JUSTICE AS FAIRNESS: A RESTATEMENT

LECTURES ON THE HISTORY OF POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY

ROBERT NOZICK (1938-2002)

ANARCHY, STATE, AND UTOPIA

Continental Political Philosophy

HERBERT MARCUSE (1898-1979)

THE STRUGGLE AGAINST LIBERALISM IN THE TOTALITARIAN VIEW OF THE STATE

REASON AND REVOLUTION

SOVIET MARXISM

MICHEL FOUCAULT (1926-1984)

POLITICS, PHILOSOPHY, CULTURE

THE POLITICS OF TRUTH

ETHICS: SUBJECTIVITY AND TRUTH

MAX HORKHEIMER (1895-1973)

THE AUTHORITARIAN STATE

JEAN BAUDRILLARD (1929 - )

THE CONSUMER SOCIETY

SIMULACRA AND SIMULATION

AMERICA

THE SPIRIT OF TERRORISM: AND REQUIEM FOR THE TWIN TOWERS

JÜRGEN HABERMAS (1929- )

THE STRUCTURAL TRANSFORMATION OF THE PUBLIC SPHERE

TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE AS IDEOLOGY

PHILOSOPHICAL-POLITICAL PROFILES

THE PHILOSOPHICAL DISCOURSE OF MODERNITY

THE NEW CONSERVATISM

BETWEEN FACTS AND NORMS: CONTRIBUTIONS TO A DISCOURSE THEORY OF LAW AND DEMOCRACY

THE POSTNATIONAL CONSTELLATION

THE DIVIDED WEST

Non-Western Political Philosophy

CONFUCIUS (551-479 B.C.)

THE ANALECTS

CHANAKYA (350-283 B.C.)

ARTHASHASTRA

NITISHASTRA

CHANAKYA NITI

MO TZU (470-390 B.C.)

MO TZU

MENCIUS (372-289 B.C.)

MENG FE TZU

HAN FEI (280-233 B.C.)

HAN FEI TZU

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ON THINKING

"All there is to thinking," he said, "is seeing something noticeable which makes you see something you weren't noticing which makes you see something that isn't even visible." ~Norman F. MacLean, A River Runs Through It